References : 1 - Z88 Service Manual - Issue 1, January 1985 (Prepared by BRAVEMAY for Cambridge Computer Ltd.) 2 - DMF690N Module Specification - 15/07/98 (Prepared by OPTREX, Approved by Cambridge Computer Ltd.) Introduction The Z88 is organized around four integrated circuits: the Z80 microprocessor, a specialized gate-array called 'Blink', the ROM chip and a pseudo-static RAM chip. There are 8 connectors on the motherboard: the expansion connector, the serial port, 2 for keyboard connections, one for the LCD and 3 for the slot connectors. We will describe here the pinout, the usage with modifications if possible. 1 - Integrated circuits This section will describe the four IC used in the Z88. IC1 : the Z80 CPU IC2 : the RAM IC3 : the ROM IC4 : the Blink An additional part is devoted to the Flash EPROMs. 1.1 - The Z80 CPU 1.1.1 - Version The microprocessor is a standard Z80 running in CMOS version for low working and standby power consumption. For Z88, 4MHz and 6MHz capable Z80 CMOS were used : Z84C004PSC or Z84C0006PSC. 1.1.2 - Pinout+--------------+A11 |1 +--+ 40| A10 A12 |2 39| A9 A13 |3 38| A8 A14 |4 37| A7 A15 |5 36| A6 CLK |6 35| A5 D4 |7 34| A4 D3 |8 33| A3 D5 |9 32| A2 D6 |10 Z84C00 31| A1 VCC |11 CPU 30| A0 D2 |12 29| GND D7 |13 28| /RFSH D0 |14 27| /M1 D1 |15 26| /RST /INT |16 25| /BUSRQ /NMI |17 24| /WAIT /HALT |18 23| /BUSAK /MREQ |19 22| /WR /IORQ |20 21| /RD +--------------+ 1.1.3 - Clocks Two clocks are driving the Z80. MCK, the master clock and SCK, the standby clock. The MCK (3.2768 MHz) is generated by a 9.8304 Xtal to the Blink and divided by 3, given to the pin 6. The SCK pulses at 25.6 KHz and is active on COMA state. It is perhaps possible to overclock the Z80 if the Blink supports it! Actually, we can find up to 20MHz Z80 CMOS CPU. I think that 8MHz would be reasonable. But we must be sure that the LCD and the Blink will support these frequencies. (not until I got the Blink datasheets) There will probably be troubles with the Z88 clock… Interrupts will have to be rewritten… 1.1.4 - Interrupts There are three pins for dealing with interruptions : BUSRQ (Bus Request) : used for DMA (not connected on the Z88) NMI (Non Maskable Interrupt) : Jumps to $0066 (BatLow, RTC…) INT (Ordinary Interrupt) : used in mode 1 (IM1) For dealing with the maskable interruptions (INT), the Z80 can be switch in three modes. The interrupt mode 0 (IM0) : for 8080 compatibility The interrupt mode 1 (IM1) : for non-zilog environnemt (our case) The interrupt mode 2 (IM2) : for zilog environnement On reset, OZ puts the Z80 in IM1. If interrupts are enabled via an OZ_EI, every INT signal jumps to $0038. This routines deals with the keyboard, the bleep, the alarms… 1.2 - The RAM 1.2.1 - RAM types The serial chip is a NEC uPD42832C. This is a 32K pseudo-static RAM chip. These chips are like dynamic RAM but have the ability to retain data under a standby voltage (around 2V) with a self refresh circuitry. Dynamic RAM chip are incompatible. Static RAM chip can be use without any problem. The replacement is recommended because theyre power drain is very lowest (1/10 ratio). 1.2.2 - RAM socket The motherboard layout has 32 pins. It is tracked for a 128K chip. On issue 4 machine a 32K chip is soldier using the 28 low pins.+--------------+POE |1 +--+ 32| VCC A16 |2 31| A15 A14 |3 30| VCC A12 |4 29| WE A7 |5 28| A13 A6 |6 27| A8 A5 |7 Z88 26| A9 A4 |8 RAM 25| A11 A3 |9 PCB 24| POE A2 |10 23| A10 A1 |11 22| CE A0 |12 21| D7 D0 |13 20| D6 D1 |14 19| D5 D2 |15 18| D4 VSS |16 17| D3 +--------------+ This table describes the 128K chip pinout and Blink signals. Pin Chip Blink Pin Chip Blink 1 POE POE 32 - VCC 2 A16 MA16 31 A15 MA15 3 A14 MA14 30 [CS] VCC 4 A12 MA12 29 [WE] WRB 5 A7 MA7 28 A13 MA13 6 A6 MA6 27 A8 MA8 7 A5 MA5 26 A9 MA9 8 A4 MA4 25 A11 MA11 9 A3 MA3 24 [OE] POE 10 A2 MA2 23 A10 MA10 11 A1 MA1 22 [CE] IRCE (internal RAM chip enable) 12 A0 MA0 21 D7 MDH 13 D0 MDA 20 D6 MDG 14 D1 MDB 19 D5 MDF 15 D2 MDC 18 D4 MDE 16 VSS GND 17 D3 MDD 1.2.3 - Internal RAM upgrade It is easily possible to upgrade the internal RAM to 128K. For a 512K upgrade some hardware modification are needed. The OZ version 4 is the only one able to recognize a 512K internal upgrade. For a 128K upgrade you can put a Toshiba TC551001 static RAM chip. It is very cheap (about �4). First, make a backup of your sensible files. Disassembly the box without batteries. Deconnect the two keyboard ribbons, the screen ribbon. Put your moterboard on a dry table without metal. Unsoldier the old chip. Soldier a 32 pins flat socket, Insert the new chip. You will have to cut some plastic structures (like an X) in the keyboard plastic support. For a 512K upgrade, you will have to wire the A17 and A18 pins with a link directly to address lines on a slot connector soldier. Only the OZ version 4 for UK is able to recognise an internal 512K upgrade. Replacing the old 42832 Rams will spare your battery life time. The slowest rams have less consumation (120 or 150 ns). For example : Size Chip Type Speed Power (mW) Manufacturer (K) (ns) Act/Stdby 32K (PS) uPD42832C -15L (150) 220 / 2.75 Nec 128K (S) TC551001BPL -10L (100) 27.5/ 0.02 Toshiba 512K (S) TC554001BPL -70 (70) 50.0/ 0.30 Toshiba 128K (PS) TC518128PL -12 (120) 275 / 0.55 Toshiba 512K (PS) TC518512PL -10 (100) 275 / 1.00 Toshiba 128K (PS) HM658128ALP Hitashi 512K (PS) HM658512LP Hitashi 512K (S) HM628512LP Hitashi (PS=Pseudo-static RAM chip, S=Static RAM chip) 1.3 - The ROM 1.3.1 - ROM types The serial rom chip is an UV eprom NEC uPD23C1000C for foreign OZ. The UK version may be an eprom chip for v2.2, the v3.0 supports exactly the same software but have been put in a ROM which have only 28 pins. The last v4.0 is fitted on an EPROM chip. The socket layout isn't standard according to the NEC standard (see below). If you wish to fit a new eprom, be very careful, pins 2 and 24 must be exchanged according to the JEDEC standard. Particulary if you want to use actual 128K Eprom chip, like 27C1001. In theory, you can fit larger eprom (like 27C2000 or 27C4000) if you wire the addresses lines. 1.3.2 - ROM socket The mother has 32 pins tracked to the NEC standard.+--------------+VCC |1 +--+ 32| VCC ROE |2 31| VCC A15 |3 30| VCC A12 |4 29| A14 A7 |5 28| A13 A6 |6 27| A8 A5 |7 Z88 26| A9 A4 |8 ROM 25| A11 A3 |9 PCB 24| A16 A2 |10 23| A10 A1 |11 22| CE A0 |12 21| D7 D0 |13 20| D6 D1 |14 19| D5 D2 |15 18| D4 VSS |16 17| D3 +--------------+ This table describes the 128K chip pinout and Blink signals. Pin Chip Blink Pin Chip Blink 1 VPP VCC 32 VCC VCC 2 [OE] ROE 31 [PGM] VCC 3 A15 MA15 30 VCC VCC 4 A12 MA12 29 A14 MA14 5 A7 MA7 28 A13 MA13 6 A6 MA6 27 A8 MA8 7 A5 MA5 26 A9 MA9 8 A4 MA4 25 A11 MA11 9 A3 MA3 24 A16 MA16 10 A2 MA2 23 A10 MA10 11 A1 MA1 22 [CE] IPCE (Internal PROM chip enable) 12 A0 MA0 21 D7 MDH 13 D0 MDA 20 D6 MDG 14 D1 MDB 19 D5 MDF 15 D2 MDC 18 D4 MDE 16 VSS GND 17 D3 MDD 1.4 - The BLINK gate array This private chip is a NEC uPD65031. It is CMS soldiered on the PCB. It manages the memory bank switching, the LCD, the serial port, the interrupts… It is the heart of the machine. Actually we just know its pinout and the description of some registers. The conceptors have lost the original notes… Pin Chip Z80 Pin Chip 1 GND 52 VDD 2 VDD 53 GND 3 IOR [IORQ] 54 MA16 4 CRD [RD] 55 MA15 5 MRQ [MREQ] 56 MA14 6 HLT [HALT] 57 MA12 7 NMIB [NMI] 58 MA7 8 INTB [INT] 59 MA13 9 CDB D1 60 MA6 10 ROUT [RST] 61 MA8 11 CDA D0 62 MA5 12 CMI [MI] 63 WRB 13 CDH D7 64 MA9 14 CDC D2 65 MA4 15 CA0 A0 66 MA11 16 CDG D6 67 MA3 17 CA1 A1 68 IPCE (ROM.0 CE) 18 CDF D5 69 MA2 19 CA2 A2 70 MA10 20 CDD D3 71 MA1 21 CA3 A3 72 MA0 22 CDE D4 73 MDH 23 CA4 A4 74 MDA 24 CA5 A5 75 MDG 25 CA15 A15 76 MDB 26 CA6 A6 77 MDF 27 CA14 A14 78 MDC 28 GND 79 VDD 29 VDD 80 GND 30 CA13 A13 81 MDE 31 CA7 A7 82 MDD 32 CA8 A8 83 MA17 33 CA12 A12 84 MA18 34 CA9 A9 85 MAW(19) 35 CA11 A11 86 SE1 (slot1 CE) 36 CA10 A10 87 POE 37 TxD (serial) 88 ROE 38 RCS (serial) 89 PGMB (PGM low) 39 IRCE (RAM.0 CE) 90 EOE 40 GND 91 SE3 (slot3 CE) 41 RxD (serial) 92 FLP (flap) 42 CTS (serial) 93 SE2 (slot2 CE) 43 DCD (serial) 94 SNS (sens line) 44 PN1 (display) 95 VPON (VPP on) 45 LD (display) 96 BTL (Batt low) 46 FR (display) 97 RIN 47 XSCL (display) 98 MCK 48 LD0 (display) 99 SCK 49 LD1 (display) 100 SPKR (speaker) 50 LD2 (display) 51 LD3 (display) 1.5 - The Flash Eproms The new Flash Eprom cards represent a new way for Z88 storage. Its main feature is an integrated electrical erasure. The prototype cards are built with an Intel 28F008SA and the serial cards uses the Intel 28F008S5 (which is fastest). Theyre low relative cost make them the new media for 1 Megabyte application card and file storage. They have 44 pins in a PSOP format (0.5 mm between each pin). They are linked to the slot connector like standard eproms.+--------------+VPP |1 +--+ 44| VCC RP# |2 43| - A11 |3 42| A12 A10 |4 41| A13 A9 |5 40| A14 A8 |6 39| A15 A7 |7 38| A16 A6 |8 37| A17 A5 |9 36| A18 A4 |10 35| A19 |11 Intel 34| - |12 28F008 33| - A3 |13 SA/S5 32| - A2 |14 31| - A1 |15 30| WE# A0 |16 29| OE# D0 |17 28| - D1 |18 27| D7 D2 |19 26| D6 D3 |20 25| D5 GND |21 24| D4 GND |22 23| VCC +--------------+ The table below describes the links between the edge connector and the chip. Slot signal Flash Signal 1 MA16 A16 38 2 MA15 A15 39 3 MA12 A12 42 4 MA7 A7 7 5 MA6 A6 8 6 MA5 A5 9 7 MA4 A4 10 8 MA3 A3 13 9 MA2 A2 14 10 MA1 A1 15 11 MA0 A0 16 12 MDA D0 17 13 MDB D1 18 14 MDC D2 19 15 SNS 16 GND GND 21 17 GND GND 22 18 MA14 A14 40 19 VPP VPP 1 20 VCC VCC 44,23 21 VCC - 22 PGM WE# 30 23 MA13 A13 41 24 MA8 A8 6 25 MA9 A9 5 26 MA11 A11 3 27 POE - 28 EOE OE# 29 29 MA10 A10 4 30 SE3 CE# 43 31 MDH D7 27 32 MDG D6 26 33 MDD D3 20 34 MDE D4 24 35 MDF D5 25 36 MA17 A17 37 37 MA18 A18 36 38 MA19 A19 35 Other pins: Pin 1 : Vpp Pin 23: Vcc Pin 44: Vcc Must be connected to a 100nF ceramic capacitor. Pin 2 : RP# connected to VCC NB: all the VCC and GND pins have to be connected. 2 - The Connectors 2.1 - SLOT connectors It is private format connector wiring 38 pins. They are devoted for memory addressing. Each slot is able to address 1024K. The slot 3 present a Vpp (12V) line, useful for Eprom programming. Pseudo-static RAM, static RAM, EPROM and Flash EPROM can be used. Slot RAM/ROM RAM/ROM Eprom Pins for Pins for Pins for pins Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 32K 128K 32K Signals Signals Signals EPROM EPROM RAM 1 A16 A16 A16 - 24 - 2 A15 A15 A15 - 3 - 3 A12 A12 A12 2 4 2 4 A7 A7 A7 3 5 3 5 A6 A6 A6 4 6 4 6 A5 A5 A5 5 7 5 7 A4 A4 A4 6 8 6 8 A3 A3 A3 7 9 7 9 A2 A2 A2 8 10 8 10 A1 A1 A1 9 11 9 11 A0 A0 A0 10 12 10 12 D0 D0 D0 11 13 11 13 D1 D1 D1 12 14 12 14 D2 D2 D2 13 15 13 15 SNSL SNSL SNSL - - - 16 GND GND GND 14 16 14 17 GND GND GND 14 16 14 18 A14 A14 A14 27 29 1 19 VCC VCC VPP 1 1 - 20 VCC VCC VCC 28 32 - 21 VCC VCC VCC - - 28 22 WEL WEL PGML - 31 - 23 A13 A13 A13 26 28 26 24 A8 A8 A8 25 27 25 25 A9 A9 A9 24 26 24 26 A11 A11 A11 23 25 23 27 POE POE POE - - 22 28 ROE ROE EOE 22 2 - 29 A10 A10 A10 21 23 21 30 SE1 SE2 SE3 20 22 20 31 D7 D7 D7 19 21 19 32 D6 D6 D6 18 20 18 33 D3 D3 D3 15 17 15 34 D4 D4 D4 16 18 16 35 D5 D5 D5 17 19 17 36 A17 A17 A17 - - - 37 A18 A18 A18 - - - 38 A19 A19 A19 - - - 2.2 - The expansion port connector It is a standard 2.54mm double sided 48 pins male connector for expansion. It presents all the Z80 bus signals. On the issue 4 version, the flap has been sealed because expansion insertion may result in a crash due to static electricity.Component P C B Side A Edge Side B GND 1 SNSL see below A11 2 +12v A12 3 A10 A13 4 A9 A14 5 A8 A15 6 A7 clock 7 A6 D4 8 A5 D3 9 A4 D5 10 A3 D6 11 A2 VCC 12 A1 D2 13 A0 GND 14 GND D0 15 D7 D1 16 M1L INTL 17 FLP (flap switch) slot 18 slot HALTL 19 NMIL MREQL 20 WRL IORQL 21 RDL MAWL 22 RESETL Resets Z88 (2 pulses required) -BT 23 SVCC 5.4v while the machine is 'on.' GND 24 SNSLSNSL allows the machine to be automaticly placed into comotose state buy causing a 'power fail interupt' when an edge connector is plugged into to the expansion slot of the Z88. 2.3 - The Serial Port Connector This is a DB9 male connector with a private pinout describe below. Pin Signal Sens 1 - unswitched +5v at 10 uA output 2 TxD transmit data output 3 RxD receive data input 4 RTS ready to send output 5 CTS clear to send input 6 - reserved for future use 7 GND 8 DCD data carrier detect input 9 DTR switched +5v at 1mA output Note : DTR is high when the machine is awake. The machine is always awake when the screen is active, but even if asleep the machine will wake every minute or so to carry out various housekeeping tasks, such as checking for alarms, and at these time DTR will go high. Pin 1 will show a signal if there is power available to the machine. The PC DB9 female connector 1 DCD 2 RxD 3 TxD 4 DTR 5 GND 6 DSR 7 RTS 8 CTS 9 - The PC link cable Z88 PC Z88 (front view) PC (front view) 1 - 4 2 --------- 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 3 --------- 3 6 7 8 9 9 8 7 6 4 --------- 8 5 --------- 7 7 --------- 5 8 - 9 2.4 - The keyboard connectors The keyboard is just 8 * 8 matrix between the Z80 address and data buses. It is connected on SK6 and SK7. In theory it is possible to replace the membrane by a PCB with mechanical keys (and resistors in serial). The rubber keyboard technology seems to consume a lot of power. SK6 signals SK7 signals 1 A14 1 D5 2 A15 2 D4 3 A13 3 D3 4 A12 4 D1 5 A11 5 D7 6 A10 6 D0 7 A9 7 D6 8 A8 8 D2 Keyboard matrix (for the QWERTY UK) A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A09 A08 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 RSH HLP [ ] - = \ DEL 5 D7 SQR LSH SPC LFT RGT DWN UP ENT 7 D6 ESC TAB 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 D5 INX DIA Q W E R T Y 2 D4 CAP MEN A S D F G H 3 D3 . , Z X C V B N 8 D2 / ; L M K J U 7 4 D1 � " 0 P 9 O I 8 6 D0 There are two issues for the keyboard membrane : a red one, the first, and the green one which is the last and the most common. The first issue (red) seems to be often unreliable with a lot of short circuits which sends a lot of unexpected characters… It is impossible to repair them. The green issues are very good. I have got mine since ten years and I am actually typing on it… The keyboard is probably the only part with which you encountered troubles. You can keep the same for all your life if you think to clean the contacts sometimes. After a long time, some carbon particle agglomerate on the membrane and generate short-circuits. The only thing to do is to clean the contact surfaces with some alcohol. Unscrew the case, deconnect the keyboard ribbons. Pull out the rubber and be very careful of the three slot. Clean all the keys surfaces on the rubber and the membrane with a tissue with a few standard alcohol (90�). Dry it before reassembling. Do it carefully especially on the cursor, tab, diamond, square, enter and shift keys. 2.5 - The LCD connector The most common LCD module is the DMF690N produced by OPTREX. Some previous versions exist, with more failure and less contrast. This unit has its own PCB. The LCD panel is a dot matrix of 640*64 pixels, the NRD7482. It is driven by nine CMS chips. One SED1610 : a 86 lines driver and eight SED1600 : 80 rows dirvers. Another IC is devoted to voltage generation. The module is connected by a special ribbon with 14 links on SK5. Ribbon signals: 14 is the left one, 1 is on the right in top view. Pin Symbol Level Function 1 VDD - Base supply (0V) 2 VSS - Power supply for Logic 3 VLCD - Power supply for LCD driving 4 LP H>L Date Latch signal 5 FR H/L Alternate signal for LCD driving 6 YDIS L Display off signal 7 NC - No connection 8 DIN H Frame signal 9 XSCL H>L Clock signal for shifting serial data 10 NC - No connection 11 D0 H/L Display data 12 D1 H/L Display data 13 D2 H/L Display data 14 D3 H/L Display data All of these signals are directly managed by the blink. It builts the screen by reading directly in the memory the different character set and screen base. The cursor is hardware managed too. Conclusion There is still a lot of thinks to do to improve the Z88 hardware: IR serial interface mechanical keyboard overclocked Z80 CPU small integrated supply with NiMH battery charger video interface A/D and D/A converter interface